Enzymatic Digestion Method Coupled with Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Forensic Drowning Diatom Detection / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveArtificial intelligence （AI） full smear automated diatom detection technology can perform forensic pathology drowning diatom detection more quickly and efficiently than human experts.However， this technique was only used in conjunction with the strong acid digestion method， which has a low extraction rate of diatoms. In this study， we propose to use the more efficient proteinase K tissue digestion method （hereinafter referred to as enzyme digestion method） as a diatom extraction method to investigate the generalization ability and feasibility of this technique in other diatom extraction methods. MethodsLung tissues from 6 drowned cadavers were collected for proteinase K ablation and made into smears， and the smears were digitized using the digital image matrix cutting method and a diatom and background database was established accordingly.The data set was divided into training set， validation set and test set in the ratio of 3：1：1， and the convolutional neural network （CNN） models were trained， internally validated， and externally tested on the basis of ImageNet pre-training. ResultsThe results showed that the accuracy rate of the external test of the best model was 97.65 %， and the area where the model features were extracted was the area where the diatoms were located. The best CNN model in practice had a precision of more than 80 % for diatom detection of drowned corpses. ConclusionIt is shown that the AI automated diatom detection technique based on CNN model and enzymatic digestion method in combination can efficiently identify diatoms and can be used as an auxiliary method for diatom detection in drowning identification.

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of victims of maritime accidents on the Mar Grande-Salvador crossing, Bahia, Brazil: a case series study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Maritime transportation is an activity of vital importance for societies. The Mar Grande-Salvador crossing is an intercity waterway transport line in Brazil that transports 3,500 passengers/day, including residents and tourists. In 2017, an accident on this crossing was considered to be the biggest maritime tragedy in Bahia in the last decade. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and epidemiology characteristics of victims of this maritime accident, with analysis on bodily injuries, causes of death and means/instruments that caused the fatal injuries. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case-series study at the Forensic Medical Institute of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: Reports on 73 victims who were examined for bodily injury or were necropsied by the Forensic Medical Institute were analyzed. This study was approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee (protocol 04012218.1.0000.5032). RESULTS: The victims' mean age was 33.0 years [95% confidence interval, CI, 26.3-47.0]. The mean age of those who died was 43.0 years [95% CI, 30.5-53.5]. Bodily injuries were found in 74% of the victims. The most frequent bodily injuries were ecchymoses among females (69.7%) and abrasions among males (76.2%). Blunt instruments produced most bodily injuries (85.2%). Among the victims who died, 68.4% were female. Mechanical asphyxiation through drowning was the leading cause of death (89.4%). The overall lethality rate was 26%, and this was higher among females (28.2%). CONCLUSION: Women were the main victims of this maritime accident. Bodily injuries occurred more frequently than death, but these injuries proved to be quite significant, thus demonstrating the importance of measures to improve the safety of navigation.

Improved Glass Bead-Vortex Oscillation Method for DNA Extraction from Diatom / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To examine the effect of improving diatom DNA extraction by glass bead - vortex oscillation method.@*METHODS@#The DNeasy PowerSoil Pro kit was used as control, two plant DNA extraction kits with different principles (New Plant genomic DNA extraction kit and Plant DNA Isolation kit) and one whole blood DNA extraction kit (whole blood genomic DNA extraction kit) were selected to extract diatom DNA from lung tissue and water sample of the same drowning case. The combination of mass ratio of glass beads with different sizes and vortex oscillation time was designed, and the optimal DNA extraction conditions were selected with the addition of glass beads oscillation. The extracted products of the conventional group and the modified group were directly electrophoretic and detected by diatom specific PCR. Finally, all the extracts were quantified by qPCR, and the Ct values of different groups were statistically analyzed.@*RESULTS@#When the frequency of vortex oscillation was 3 000 r/min, the optimal combination of DNA extraction was vortex oscillation for 4 min, and the mass ratio of large glass beads to small glass beads was 1∶1. The DNeasy PowerSoil Pro kit was used as a reference, and the Ct value of 10 mL water sample was greater than that of 0.5 g tissue. The Ct values of the other three kits used for plant DNA extraction decreased after the glass beads-vortex oscillation method was used, and the Ct values of the tissues before and after the improvement were statistically significant (P<0.05). The whole blood genomic DNA extraction kit used in this study could successfully extract diatom DNA, the extraction of water samples was close to DNeasy PowerSoil Pro kit, after the modified method was applied to tissue samples, the difference in Ct value was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, when the three kits were used to extract diatom DNA from water samples, Ct values before and after the improvement were only statistically significant in New Plant genomic DNA extraction kit group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The improved glass bead-vortex oscillation method can improve the extraction efficiency of diatom DNA from forensic materials, especially from tissue samples, by plant and blood DNA extraction kits.

Comparison of Application of MD-VF-Auto SEM Method and Plankton Gene Multiplex PCR System in the Diagnosis of Drowning / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To compare the application effect of microwave digestion - vacuum filtration - automated scanning electron microscopy (MD-VF-Auto SEM) method and plankton gene multiplex PCR system in the diagnosis of drowning.@*METHODS@#Lung, liver and kidney tissue of 10 non-drowning cases and 50 drowning cases were prepared for further MD-VF-Auto SEM method analysis and plankton gene multiplex PCR system analysis. The positive detection rate of the two methods in each tissue was calculated.@*RESULTS@#The positive rate of the MD-VF-Auto SEM method detecting diatoms in drowning cases was 100%, and few diatoms were detected in the liver and kidney tissues of 6 non-drowning cases. By using the plankton gene multiplex PCR system, the diatom positive rate of drowning cases was 84%, and all the non-drowning cases were negative. There were significant differences in the positive rate of the liver, kidney tissues between MD-VF-Auto SEM method and plankton gene multiplex PCR system (P<0.05), as well as the total positive rate of cases. However, no significant differences were found in the positive rates of lung tissues (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#MD-VF-Auto SEM method is more sensitive than plankton gene multiplex PCR system in diatom test. But the plankton gene multiplex PCR system can also detect plankton other than diatoms. Combination of the two methods can provide a more reliable basis for the diagnosis of drowning.

Application of Diatoms Quantitative Analysis in the Diagnosis of Drowning / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To retrospectively analyze diatom test cases of corpses in water and discuss the value of quantitative analysis of diatoms in the diagnosis of drowning.@*METHODS@#A total of 490 cases of water-related death were collected. They were divided into drowning group and postmortem immersion group according to the cause of death. Diatoms in lung, liver, kidney tissue and water sample were analyzed quantitatively by microwave digestion-vacuum filtration-automated scanning electron microscopy (MD-VF-Auto SEM) method. The ratios of content of diatoms in lung tissue and water sample (CL/CD) were calculated.@*RESULTS@#The results of diatom test for three organs (lung, liver and kidney) were all positive in 400 cases (85.5%); the content of diatom in lung, liver, kidney tissues, and water samples of drowning group were (113 235.9±317 868.1), (26.7±75.6), (23.3±52.2) and (12 113.3±21 760.0) cells/10 g, respectively; the species of diatom were (7.5±2.8), (2.6±1.9), (2.9±2.1) and (8.9±3.0) types, respectively; the CL/CD of drowning group and postmortem immersion group were (100.6±830.7) and (0.3±0.4), respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Quantitative analysis of diatoms can provide supportive evidence for the diagnosis of drowning, and the parameter CL/CD can be introduced into the analysis to make a more accurate diagnosis of drowning.

Bibliometrics Analysis in English and Chinese Literature on Drowning in Forensic Medicine from 1991 to 2020 / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the research hotspots and development trends of the field of forensic drowning from 1991 to 2020 by bibliometrics methods.@*METHODS@#Based on Web of Science, CNKI database, Wanfang Data knowledge service platform, python 3.9.2, CiteSpace 5.8.R3, Gephi 0.9.2, etc. were used to analyze the publishing trends, countries/regions, institutions, authors and topics of the study on drowning.@*RESULTS@#A total of 631 English literature were obtained, including 59 articles from Chinese authors, and 386 Chinese literature were obtained. The Chinese and English journals with the largest number of related literatures were Chinese Journal of Forensic Science (80 articles) and Forensic Science International (106 articles), respectively. Japan published the most articles in English, and China ranked third. Osaka City Univ (Japan, 28 articles) published the most English articles, and Guangzhou Forens Sci Inst (China, 22 articles) ranked second. Among Chinese literature, Guangzhou Forens Sci Inst (32 articles) published the most. The topic analysis of Chinese and English literature showed that diatom examination, virtual autopsy, postmortem biochemical examination, the nature of death, and postmortem submersion interval were the hot spots of current research, but English literature had more studies on new technologies and methods, while Chinese literature was more inclined to practice, application and experience summary.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The number of literature in forensic medicine on drowning is relatively stable. The scope of international and domestic collaborations in this field is still limited. The automated examination of diatoms, the establishment of diatom DNA barcodes and virtual autopsy will be the most important research hotspots in the coming period and are expected to achieve breakthroughs in drowning diagnosis, drowning location inference, postmortem submersion interval estimation, etc.

Change Rule of Diatom in Zhangweixin River in Dezhou / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the annual variation of diatoms in Zhangweixin River, to provide theoretical support by using diatom examination to estimate the time and place of the corpse entering water, and to establish a diatom database.@*METHODS@#Samples were taken from 4 sampling sites in Decheng section of Zhangweixin River for 12 consecutive months. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis was performed on the species and content of diatom samples. Based on the sampling site of Tianqu Road, Sprensen similarity coefficient analysis was conducted with the data of other 3 sites in Decheng section and Leling section of Zhangweixin River and Ningjin section in previous studies.@*RESULTS@#The number of diatom species was positively correlated with diatom content. The average diatom content in different months ranged from 1 054 to 13 041/10 mL, and the species composition ranged from 8 to 16, with differences in dominant species. The similarity coefficient of diatom species within 2 km were all higher than 0.956 52, which could not be distinguished effectively. The similarity coefficients of Leling section and Ningjin section were 0.736 84 and 0.588 24 respectively, which could be effectively distinguished.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The species and content of diatom vary in different months in Zhangweixin River, and the composition of diatom species is different in different basins, which can provide reference for estimating the time and place of the corpse entering water in the river.

Distribution of Diatoms in the Navigable Sections of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To establish a diatom database by analyzing the quatity, species distribution and differences of diatom in water samples of the whole navigable sections of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, to provide a reference for the inference of the drowning site.@*METHODS@#Water samples were collected at 22 sites in the navigable sections of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Jining section to Yangzhou Section), and the diatoms at each site were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by using graphite digestion-scanning electron microscopy.@*RESULTS@#Sampling site T (Laohuaijiang River Line, Gaoyou City, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province) had the highest number of diatoms, while sampling site O (Siyang County, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province) had the lowest number of diatoms, with a large gap of 68 times. At sampling site Q (Jiangpu District, Huaian city, Jiangsu Province), there were 19 species of diatoms. The sampling site O had the least diatoms, with 7 species. There were no significant differences in species evenness and species diversity at each sampling site (P>0.05). Some sampling sites have characterized diatoms, such as Caloneis at station A (Taibai Lake, Weishan County, Shandong Province), Rhoicosphenia at station B (Nanyang Town, Weishan County, Shandong Province), Amphora at station I (Taierzhuang District, Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province) and Epithemia at station J (Pizhou 310 national highway, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The species richness of diatoms gradually increased from north to south. Diatom species richness and species diversity might be higher in areas with complex environments and large population flow. Climate type has a certain influence on the distribution of diatoms.

Relationship between Water Temperature and Floating Time of Aquatic Cadavers / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the relationship between water temperature and floating time of aquatic cadavers, providing a reference for more precise positioning and searching for floating corpses.@*METHODS@#The floating model of guinea pig after drowning at 17-30 ℃ was established, and the floating times of carcasses were recorded. The collected data of 32 floating corpse cases in the Pearl River were sorted out and analyzed according to the floating time of corpses corresponding to each degree of water temperature. The relationship models between water temperature and the floating time of guinea pig carcass, and between that and the floating time of real cases were established.@*RESULTS@#The floating time of the cadaver was negatively correlated with water temperature. The power function fitting equation of the relationship between floating time and water temperature of guinea pig carcass was y=1×1015x-10.530(R2=0.871, P<0.01), and the power function fitting equation of the relationship between corpse floating time and water temperature was y=3×106x-3.467(R2=0.802, P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#It is found that average floating cadaver time has a power function with water temperature, which provides a reference for locating floating cadavers and establishing search models.

Assisting Role of Pulmonary Hypostasis Phenomenon in Diagnosis of Drowning / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the phenomenon of pulmonary hypostasis in corpses of various causes of death, and to explore the potential value of this phenomenon in assisting forensic pathological diagnosis of drowning.@*METHODS@#A total of 235 cases with clear cause of death through systematic autopsy were collected from January 2011 to June 2021 in Guangzhou. According to the location of body discovery, the cases were divided into the water body group (97 cases) and the non-water body group (138 cases), and the water body group was further divided into the water drowning group (90 cases) and the water non-drowning group (7 cases). Non-water body group was further divided into the non-water drowning group (1 case) and the non-water non-drowning group (137 cases). Three senior forensic pathologists independently reviewed autopsy photos to determine whether there was hypostasis in the lungs. The detection rate of pulmonary hypostasis was calculated.@*RESULTS@#The detection rate of pulmonary hypostasis in the water drowning group (90 cases) was 0, and the negative rate was 100%. The detection rate of pulmonary hypostasis in the water non-drowning group (7 cases) was 100% and the negative rate was 0. The detection rate of pulmonary hypostasis in the water body group and in the non-water body group (after excluding 2 cases, 136 cases were calculated) was 7.22% and 87.50%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate of pulmonary hypostasis between water body group and non-water body group, and between water drowning group and water non-drowning group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The disappearance of pulmonary hypostasis can be used as a specific cadaveric sign to assist in the forensic pathological diagnosis of drowning.

Pathway of Diatoms Enter Experimental Rabbits through the Lymphatic System of the Digestive Tract / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study whether diatoms can enter the body through the lymphatic system of the digestive tract.@*METHODS@#Twenty experimental rabbits were divided into the test group and the control group randomly, and intragastric administration was performed with 20 mL water sample from the Pearl River and 20 mL ultrapure water, respectively. After 30 min, lymph, lungs, livers and kidneys were extracted for the diatom test. The concentration, size and type of diatoms were recorded.@*RESULTS@#The concentration of diatoms of the test group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). In the test group, Stephanodiscus, Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, Melosira, Nitzschia, Synedra, Cymbella, and Navicula were detected; in the control group, Stephanodiscus, Coscinodiscus and Cyclotella were detected. The long diameter and the short diameter of diatoms of the test group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). In the test group, 1-2 diatoms were detected in 3 lung samples and 2 liver samples, which were Stephanodiscus or Cyclotella, and no diatoms were detected in the kidney samples; in the control group, 1-2 diatoms were detected in 2 lung samples and 3 liver samples, which were Stephanodiscus or Coscinodiscus, and no diatoms were detected in the kidney samples.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Diatoms can enter the body through the lymphatic fluid, which is one of the reasons for the presence of diatoms in tissues and organs of non-drowning cadavers.

Virtual Autopsy Morphological Features of Drowning / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the application value of virtual autopsy to obtain key evidence information on drowned corpses and its application value of virtual autopsy in the diagnosis of drowning.@*METHODS@#In this study, 7 corpses were selected as the research objects. The image data of corpses were collected by computed tomography (CT) before conventional autopsy. The characteristics of corpses were observed through image reading, combined with virtual measurement indexes, and compared with 15 non-drowned corpses.@*RESULTS@#The postmortem CT of drowning showed the more fluid in respiratory tract than the non-drowning, and ground-glass opacities in the lung. The statistical volume of fluid in the sinus (maxillary sinus and sphenoid sinus) was (10.24±4.70) mL in drowning cases and (2.02±2.45) mL in non-drowning cases. The average CT value of fluid in the sinus, left atrial blood and gastric contents in drowning cases were (15.91±17.20), (52.57±9.24) and (10.33±12.81) HU, respectively, which were lower than those in non-drowning cases (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The comprehensive consideration of multiple characteristic image manifestations and the virtual measurement indexes are helpful to the forensic pathological diagnosis of drowning. Virtual autopsy can be used as an auxiliary method in the forensic diagnosis of drowning.

Evaluation of Inspection Efficiency of Diatom Artificial Intelligence Search System Based on Scanning Electron Microscope / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the application values of diatom artificial intelligence (AI) search system in the diagnosis of drowning.@*METHODS@#The liver and kidney tissues of 12 drowned corpses were taken and were performed with the diatom test, the view images were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Diatom detection and forensic expert manual identification were carried out under the thresholds of 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 of the diatom AI search system, respectively. Diatom recall rate, precision rate and image exclusion rate were used to detect and compare the efficiency of diatom AI search system.@*RESULTS@#There was no statistical difference between the number of diatoms detected in the target marked by the diatom AI search system and the number of diatoms identified manually (P>0.05); the recall rates of the diatom AI search system were statistically different under different thresholds (P<0.05); the precision rates of the diatom AI system were statistically different under different thresholds(P<0.05), and the highest precision rate was 53.15%; the image exclusion rates of the diatom AI search system were statistically different under different thresholds (P<0.05), and the highest image exclusion rate was 99.72%. For the same sample, the time taken by the diatom AI search system to identify diatoms was only 1/7 of that of manual identification.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Diatom AI search system has a good application prospect in drowning cases. Its automatic diatom search ability is equal to that of experienced forensic experts, and it can greatly reduce the workload of manual observation of images.

Comparison among Four Deep Learning Image Classification Algorithms in AI-based Diatom Test / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To select four algorithms with relatively balanced complexity and accuracy among deep learning image classification algorithms for automatic diatom recognition, and to explore the most suitable classification algorithm for diatom recognition to provide data reference for automatic diatom testing research in forensic medicine.@*METHODS@#The "diatom" and "background" small sample size data set (20 000 images) of digestive fluid smear of corpse lung tissue in water were built to train, validate and test four convolutional neural network (CNN) models, including VGG16, ResNet50, InceptionV3 and Inception-ResNet-V2. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of subjects and confusion matrixes were drawn, recall rate, precision rate, specificity, accuracy rate and F1 score were calculated, and the performance of each model was systematically evaluated.@*RESULTS@#The InceptionV3 model achieved much better results than the other three models with a balanced recall rate of 89.80%, a precision rate of 92.58%. The VGG16 and Inception-ResNet-V2 had similar diatom recognition performance. Although the performance of diatom recall and precision detection could not be balanced, the recognition ability was acceptable. ResNet50 had the lowest diatom recognition performance, with a recall rate of 55.35%. In terms of feature extraction, the four models all extracted the features of diatom and background and mainly focused on diatom region as the main identification basis.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Including the Inception-dependent model, which has stronger directivity and targeting in feature extraction of diatom. The InceptionV3 achieved the best performance on diatom identification and feature extraction compared to the other three models. The InceptionV3 is more suitable for daily forensic diatom examination.

Application Progress of High-Throughput Sequencing Technology in Forensic Diatom Detection / 法医学杂志

Diatom detection is an important method for identifying drowning and throwing corpses after death and inferring the drowning sites in forensic examination of corpses in water. In recent years,high-throughput sequencing technology has achieved rapid development and has been widely used in research related to diatom taxonomic investigations. This paper reviews the research status and prospects of high-throughput sequencing technology and its application in forensic diatom detection.

Research Progress of Automatic Diatom Test by Artificial Intelligence / 法医学杂志

Diatom test is the main laboratory test method in the diagnosis of drowning in forensic medicine. It plays an important role in differentiating the antemortem drowning from the postmortem drowning and inferring drowning site. Artificial intelligence (AI) automatic diatom test is a technological innovation in forensic drowning diagnosis which is based on morphological characteristics of diatom, the application of AI algorithm to automatic identification and classification of diatom in tissues and organs. This paper discusses the morphological diatom test methods and reviews the research progress of automatic diatom recognition and classification involving AI algorithms. AI deep learning algorithm can assist diatom testing to obtain objective, accurate, and efficient qualitative and quantitative analysis results, which is expected to become a new direction of diatom testing research in the drowning of forensic medicine in the future.

Review and Prospect of Diagnosis of Drowning Deaths in Water / 法医学杂志

Drowning is the death caused by asphyxiation due to fluid blocking the airway. In the practice of forensic medicine, it is the key to determine whether the corpse was drowned or entered the water after death. At the same time, the drowning site inference and postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) play an important role in the investigating the identity of the deceased, narrowing the investigation scope, and solving the case. Based on diatoms testing, molecular biology, imaging and artificial intelligence and other technologies, domestic and foreign forensic scientists have done relative research in the identification of the cause of death, drowning site inference and PMSI, and achieved certain results in forensic medicine application. In order to provide a reference for future study of bodies in the water, this paper summarizes the above research contents.

Histopathological differentiation of drowning in freshwater and saltwater in rats: forensic point of view / Diferenciación histopatológica de ahogamiento en agua dulce y agua salada en ratas: punto de vista forense

SUMMARY: The postmortem diagnosis of death by drowning is one of the most difficult issues in forensic pathology. We investigated possible evidence differentiating saltwater drowning from freshwater drowning by histopathological changes in brain, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys tissues. A cross section descriptive study was carried out on eighteen 12-week-old male Wistar rats; they were divided equally into 3 groups. Group 1: control group; Group 2: death by drowning in freshwater; Group 3: death by drowning in saltwater. Immediately after death, all tested organs were removed and fixed for histopathological examination. The brain of freshwater group depicted degenerated neurocytes with dystrophic changes in the form of shrunken cell, pyknotic nuclei and deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm. The heart showed clear evidence of myocyte injuries in saltwater drowning compared to the control and freshwater groups. The kidneys of rats drown in saltwater revealed more glomerular destruction with no differences in tubulo-interstitial changes in comparison with those drown in freshwater. In the lungs, the changes in freshwater were restricted to the alveoli, and the bronchial changes were more distinctive in saltwater. No disturbed liver architecture was seen in both test groups, however hydropic degeneration, congested vessels, and sinusoids were more distinct in saltwater group. In conclusion, diagnostic differentiation between fresh and saltwater drowning was reliable in rats' lungs and heart with minimal differentiation in liver, kidneys, and brain. Further studies of drowning with different staining techniques will help to clarify the potential role of histopathological changes in body organs as indicator of drowning.

RESUMEN: El diagnóstico post mortem de muerte por ahogamiento es uno de los temas más difíciles de la patología forense. Investigamos la posible evidencia que diferencia el ahogamiento en agua salada del ahogamiento en agua dulce por cambios histopatológicos en los tejidos del cerebro, el corazón, los pulmones, el hígado y los riñones. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en dieciocho ratas Wistar macho de 12 semanas de edad; se dividieron por igual en 3 grupos. Grupo 1: grupo control; Grupo 2: muerte por ahogamiento en agua dulce; Grupo 3: muerte por ahogamiento en agua salada. Inmediatamente después de la muerte, se extirparon todos los órganos analizados y se fijaron para el examen histopatológico. El cerebro del grupo de agua dulce mostró neurocitos degenerados con cambios distróficos en forma de células encogidas, núcleos picnóticos y citoplasma profundamente eosinofílico. El corazón mostró una clara evidencia de lesiones de miocitos en los ahogamientos en agua salada en comparación con los grupos de control y de agua dulce. Los riñones de ratas ahogadas en agua salada revelaron una mayor destrucción glomerular sin diferencias en los cambios túbulo-intersticiales en comparación con las ahogadas en agua dulce. En los pulmones, los cambios en agua dulce se restringieron a los alvéolos y los cambios bronquiales fueron más distintivos en agua salada. No se observó una arquitectura hepática alterada en ambos grupos de prueba, sin embargo, la degeneración hidrópica, los vasos congestionados y los sinusoides fueron más distintos en el grupo de agua salada. En conclusión, la diferenciación diagnóstica entre ahogamiento en agua dulce y salada fue confiable en los pulmones y el corazón de las ratas con una diferenciación mínima en el hígado, los riñones y el cerebro. Estudios adicionales de ahogamiento con diferentes técnicas de tinción ayudarán a aclarar el papel potencial de los cambios histopatológicos en los órganos del cuerpo como indicador de ahogamiento.

Trends in mortality and life lost due to drowning in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021 / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the mortality and years of life lost due to drowning in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021, so as to provide insights into drowning prevention and control.@*Methods@#The mortality surveillance data on drowning in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021 were collected from the Zhejiang Chronic Disease Surveillance Information Management System. The crude mortality and standardized mortality of drowning by the 2010 population census data in 2010, years of potential life lost (YPLL) and working years of potential life lost (WYPLL) due to drowning were calculated. In addition, the annual percent change (APC) was used to analyze the trends in drowning mortality and the rate of YPLL and WYPLL in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021.@*Results@# A total of 1 681 deaths occurred due to drowning in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021, accounting for 9.11% of total injury deaths. The overall mortality and standardized mortality of drowning were 6.35/105 and 4.70/105, respectively, and mortality and standardized mortality of drowning were 6.95/105 and 5.44/105 in men and 5.76/105 and 3.98/105 in women, respectively. The highest mortality of drowning was found in residents at ages of 65 years and older (16.04/105 to 27.02/105), followed by in residents at ages of less than 5 years (2.54/105 to 16.37/105). The overall mortality of drowning was 5.29/105 to 7.21/105 among residents in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021, and no significant change tendency was seen (APC=-2.18%, t=-2.085, P=0.071). The standardized mortality of drowning reduced from 6.10/105 to 3.69/105 (APC=-4.88%, t=-4.215, P=0.003). In addition, the YPLL and rate of YPLL, and WYPLL and the rate of WYPLL due to drowning mortality were 22 620.50 person-years, 0.10%, 17 956.50 person-years and 0.08% in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021, respectively, and the rates of YPLL (APC=-6.95%, t=-3.203, P=0.016) and WYPLL (APC=-7.60%, t=-3.126, P=0.014) both appeared a tendency towards a decline from 2012 to 2021. @*Conclusions@#The standardized mortality of drowning and rate of YPLL appeared a tendency towards a decline among residents living in Huzhou City from 2012 to 2021, and residents at ages of 65 years and older and less than 5 years are high-risk populations for management of drowning mortality.

Clinical and microbiological characteristics of children with drowning-associated aspiration pneumonia / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the clinical and microbiological characteristics of children with drowning-associated aspiration pneumonia, so as to provide a reference for empirical selection of antibacterial agents.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 185 children with drowning-associated aspiration pneumonia who were admitted to Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2010 to October 2020. According to the drowning environment, these children were divided into four groups: fecal group (n=44), freshwater group (n=69), swimming pool group (n=41), and contaminant water group (n=31). The clinical characteristics and pathogen detection results were reviewed and compared among the four groups.@*RESULTS@#The 185 children had an age of 4 months to 17 years (median 34 months). Sputum cultures were performed on 157 children, and 103 were tested positive (65.6%), with 87 strains of Gram-negative bacteria (68.5%), 37 strains of Gram-positive bacteria (29.1%), and 3 strains of fungi (2.4%). Gram-negative bacteria were the main pathogen in the fecal group and the contaminant water group, accounting for 88.2% (30/34) and 78.3% (18/23), respectively. The freshwater group had a significantly higher detection rate of Gram-positive bacteria than the fecal group (P<0.008), and the swimming pool group had an equal detection rate of Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria.@*CONCLUSIONS@#For pulmonary bacterial infection in children with drowning in feces or contaminant water, antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria may be applied empirically, while for children with drowning in a swimming pool or freshwater, broad-spectrum antibiotics may be used as initial treatment, and subsequently the application of antibiotics may be adjusted according to the results of the drug sensitivity test.